Paris Court Denies Copyright Protection to Jimi Hendrix Photograph

Gered Mankowitz is a British photographer who photographed many famous musicians such as Mick Jagger and Annie Lennox. He took several photographs of Jimi Hendrix in 1967. One of these photographs represents the musician, wearing a military jacket, holding a cigarette and puffing a cloud of smoke while looking at the photographer. An original print recently sold at auction for £2,750.

This photograph was used without authorization in 2013 for an advertising campaign by Egotrade, a French electronic cigarette company. The ad showed Jimi Hendrix holding an electronic cigarette and the “Egotabaco” brand was printed on the ad.

Gered Mankowitz …read more

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Paris Court Denies Copyright Protection to Jimi Hendrix Photograph

Gered Mankowitz is a British photographer who photographed many famous musicians such as Mick Jagger and Annie Lennox. He took several photographs of Jimi Hendrix in 1967. One of these photographs represents the musician, wearing a military jacket, holding a cigarette and puffing a cloud of smoke while looking at the photographer. An original print recently sold at auction for £2,750.

This photograph was used without authorization in 2013 for an advertising campaign by Egotrade, a French electronic cigarette company. The ad showed Jimi Hendrix holding an electronic cigarette and the “Egotabaco” brand was printed on the ad.

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Gered Mankowitz and Bowstir Ltd, the company to which Mr. Mankowitz has assigned his patrimonial rights to the photography, filed suit in France. Bowstir claimed copyright infringement and Mr. Mankowitz claimed droit moral infringement. On May 21, the Paris Tribunal de Grande Instance (TGI), a court of first instance, ruled that the Jimi Hendrix photograph could not be protected by French intellectual property law, as it was not original.

French intellectual property law does not provide a definition of “originality.” Article L. 111-1 of the French Intellectual Property Code provides that “[t]he author of a work of the mind shall enjoy in that work, by the mere fact of its creation, an exclusive intangible property right enforceable against all. This right shall include attributes of intellectual and moral attributes as well as patrimonial attributes.” Article L. 112-1 specifies that the law “protects the rights of authors in all works of the mind, whatever their kind, form of expression, merit or purpose.”

The TGI cited the European Court of Justice (ECJ) Eva Maria Painer. v. Standard Verlags case, where the Court had discussed the originality of a picture taken by a school photographer. For the ECJ, which the TGI cited verbatim,

“[a]s stated in recital 17 in the preamble to Directive 93/98, an intellectual creation is an author’s own if it reflects the author’s personality. That is the case if the author was able to express his creative abilities in the production of the work by making free and creative choices. … As regards a portrait photograph, the photographer can make free and creative choices in several ways and at various points in its production. In the preparation phase, the photographer can choose the background, the subject’s pose and the lightening. When taking a portrait phoograph, he can choose the framing, the angle of view and the atmosphere created. Finally, when selecting the snapshot, the photographer may choose from a variety of developing techniques the ones he wishes to adopt or, where appropriate, use computer software. By making those various choices, the author of a portrait photograph can stamp the work created with his ‘personal touch’” (ECJ 88-92).

Indeed, Recital 17 of Directive 93/98/EEC states that a photograph is original “if it is the author’s own intellectual creation reflecting his personality, no other criteria such as merit or purpose being taken into account.” Article 6 of the same Directive states that photographs are original if “they are the author’s own intellectual creation.” This directive was repealed by Directive 2006/116/EC, of which Recital 16 reprises the same words than Recital 17.

The TGI then examined the Jimi Hendrix photograph. Gered Mankowitz had explained to the court that

this photograph of Jimi Hendrix, as extraordinary as it is rare, succeeds in capturing a fleeting moment of time, the striking contrast between the lightness of the artist’s smile and the curl of smoke and the darkness and geometric rigor of the rest of the image, created particularly by the lines and angles of the torso and arms. The capture of this unique moment and its enhancement by light, contrasts and the narrow framing of the photograph on the torso and head of Jimi Hendrix reveal the ambivalence and contradictions of this music legend and make the photograph a fascinating work of great beauty which bears the stamp and talent of its author.”

This argument did not convince the TGI as Mr. Mankowitz,

as doing so, satisfied himself by highlighting the aesthetic characteristics of the photography which are distinct from its originality which is indifferent to the merit of the work, and does not explain who the author of the choices made regarding the pose of the subject, his costume and his general attitude. Also, nothing [in this argument] allows the judge and the defendants to understand if these elements, which are essential criteria in assessing the original features claimed, that is, the framing, the use of black and white, the light decor meant to highlight the subject, and the lighting being themselves typical fora portrait photography showing the subject facing, with his waist forward, are the fruit of the reflection of the author of the photograph or the subject, and if the work bears the imprint of the personality of Mr. Mankowitz or of Jimi Hendrix.”

Since the judges are therefore not able to appreciate whether this photograph is indeed original, the TGI ruled hat the photography lacked the originality necessary for its protection by French law, and that “the failure of the description of the characteristic elements of the alleged originality also constitutes a violation of the principle of defense rights.” The TGI thus concluded that Mr. Mankowitz had no intellectual property rights over the photograph.

By doing so, the TGI did not deny that this particular photography of Jimi Hendrix is not original. Rather, the court was not convinced that originality of the work was the result of choices made by Mr. Mankowitz. This case is less about what is an original work than how to prove that a work is indeed original.

As such, this ruling should give pause to French IP practitioners defending the rights of a photographer, as they must now prove why the author chose the different elements of a photograph and how these choices reflect his personality in such a way that the work is original. However, the case will be appealed, and so the debate on what is an original work, and how to prove, it is still ongoing in France.

 

Image is courtesy of Flickr user SarahElizabethC under a CC BY-ND 2.0 license.

This post was originally  published on The 1709 Blog.

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French Highest Court “Casse” in Foldable Bag Copyright Infringement Case

This post is about a recent French case which shows that, while French copyright law protects original handbags, explaining what exactly makes a bag original has to be carefully worded, by the parties of course, but for the courts as well. The Cour de cassation, France highest civil court, “broke” (‘casser’) a holding of the Paris Court of appeals which, after having listed the various elements which made a bag original, found no copyright infringement of this bag evenwhile referring to other original elements of the bag.

Longchamp is a French bag and accessories company. Its most famous model is the Pliage bag, a nylon bag which can be folded to fit in a smaller bag (pliage means ‘folding’ in French). Its success led to the creation of a whole range of Pliage bags, which are now available in nylon and leather, may or may not be foldable, and can even be personalized.

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Longchamp discovered in 2010 that bags similar to its Pliage bag were sold online. The company and the original designer of the bag sued the seller and the manufacturer of the bags sold online for copyright infringement. The court of first instance, the Tribunal de Grande Instance de Paris (TGI) rejected their claims. For the TGI, the Pliage bag was indeed protectable, but the defendants had not infringed on any of the plaintiff’s rights. Plaintiffs appealed, but the Paris Court of Appeals confirmed the judgment on September 13, 2013. Longchamp and the Pliage bag designer then took their case to the Cour de cassation.

The Pliage bag is indeed famous. Plaintiffs even claimed on appeal that it is the most copied bag in the world. Appellees did not dispute the originality of the Pliage bag, but argued instead that, because the bag was an original combination of several mundane elements, only this original combination could be protected by copyright, not the separate elements. They further argue that the Pliage bag was a combination of elements ordinarily used by every bag designer, and specific, original characteristics, “namely the specific form of the flap highlighted by the thick stitched sewing, the gold button [closing the snap], highly visible seams on all sides of the leather elements, the combination of brown leather stitched with other materials, and specific proportions.”

The Court of Appeals agreed that the Pliage bag is original, as it combines these elements:

– small flap with snap, located between the two handles and a cap portion of the zipper;

– slightly rounded shape of this little flap, highlighted by a thick stitched sea

  • –  sewing stitches on the front of the bag, in the extension of the flap and evoking the outline of the inner bag;
  • – affixing of the flap on the back of the bag by a double stitched seam;
  • – two handles finishing by rounded edges affixed on each side of the bag opening by affixed tabs;
  • -two small rounded tabs on each end of the zipper which highlight the top corners of the bag, curving upward;
  • – the trapezoidal shape of the body, seen from the front;
  • – the rectangular bottom and
  • –  the triangular profile.

The Court of Appeals then compared the Pliage bag with the allegedly counterfeiting bag and did not find it infringes on Pliage. To come to this conclusion, the Court of Appeals noted that the Appellee’s bag had a wider flap, did not feature stitched seams and did not have a small gold button to snap close the front flap. Also, both flaps had different shapes, and the stitches of Appellee’s bag used the same color than the bag’s overall material, whereas the bag’ s stitches contract in color with the body of the bag. The handles of Appellee’s bag did not feature stitches, and the ending part of the handles had a different shape. Also, both bags had different shape, rectangular for Appellee’s bag and trapezoidal for the Pliage bag.

The Court of Appeals noted that Appellee’s bag would have been counterfeiting the Pliage bag if it had used “the distinguishing characteristics of the combination of Longchamp bag model: the specific form of the flap emphasized by the thick stitched sewing, gold button, highly visible seams on all leather parts, the alliance of brown leather stitched with other materials and colors, the specific proportions, which are the dominant elements of the combination giving the model its originality.”

The Court of Appeals found that Appellee’s bag had “its own physiognomy, a particular aesthetic bias which alter the overall visual impression of this model as compared to the Longchamp bag, which precludes any risk of confusion, especially since the discriminating consumer of the famous Longchamp bag would immediately perceive these differences.” Somehow, the right holders of a famous bag would have to meet an even higher burden of copyright infringement proof because their work is famous.

But the Cour de cassation found that, by this ruling, the Court of Appeals had violated article L. 122-4 of the French IP Code, which makes it illegal to reproduce fully or partially a protected work without authorization of the right holder. For the high court, “the existence of a golden button, the alliance of brown leather stitched with other materials and colors, and the « specific proportions » [of the bag] were not the elements that the Court had chosen to assess the originality of the bag, and also, the existence of a likelihood of confusion is irrelevant to the characterization of the infringement of copyright.”

This last phrase is a welcome addition to the French fashion copyright attorney’s toolbox, especially when defending the rights of famous bags, such as the Pliage, or, say, the Birkin, which would otherwise have to convince courts that the sophisticated clientele would never take a $75 plastic Birkin for the real McCoy. French Copyright does not serve as an indication of the source, but, rather, protects the patrimonial and moral rights of the author of the work.

Image is courtesy of Flickr user Maurina Rara under a CC BY 2.0 license.

This article was first published on The 1709 Blog

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French Highest Court “Casse” in Foldable Bag Copyright Infringement Case

This post is about a recent French case which shows that, while French copyright law protects original handbags, explaining what exactly makes a bag original has to be carefully worded, by the parties of course, but for the courts as well. The Cour de cassation, France highest civil court, “broke” (‘casser’) a holding of the Paris Court of appeals which, after having listed the various elements which made a bag original, found no copyright infringement of this bag evenwhile referring to other original elements of the bag.

Longchamp is a French bag and accessories company. Its most famous model is …read more

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Parution: Les blogs juridiques et la dématérialisation de la doctrine

Selon l’éditeur : Par le rapport spécifique que le droit entretient avec l’écrit, le juriste ressemble parfois à un documentaliste juridique, avide des documents qui nourriront son raisonnement. Davantage sans doute que les autres sciences, le droit nourrit (et se nourrit) en effet une relation étroite au texte, et une importante production d’écrits est à la base de la science juridique (lois, normes, décisions de justice, oeuvres de la doctrine…). Or si la littérature scientifique se penche volontiers sur la documentation juridique en général (voir les recherches récentes menées sur les genres doctrinaux, les manuels de droit ou les revues …read more

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Dieudonné Condamné Pour Avoir Fait Publiquement l’Apologie d’un Acte de Terrorisme

Dieudonné a été condamné le 18 mars 2015 par le Tribunal de Grande Instance de Paris (TGI) pour avoir fait publiquement l’apologie d’un acte de terrorisme en utilisant un service de communication en ligne.

Il avait publié sur sa page Facebook le 11 janvier 2015 : ” Après cette marche historique, que dis-je … Légendaire ! Instant magique égal au Big Bang qui créa l’Univers ! … ou dans une moindre mesure (plus locale) comparable au couronnement de Vercingétorix, je rentre enfin chez moi. Sachez que ce soir, je me sens Charlie Coulibaly.

Le 11 janvier 2015 est bien sûr la …read more

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Is Peggy Guggenheim’s Collection a Work of Art Protected by French Copyright?

Daily newspaper Le Monde reported recently about an intriguing case unfolding in the Paris Court of Appeals. The Guardian reported about the case here. The Paris court will have to decide whether the art collection Peggy Guggenheim spent years building should be considered a « œuvre de l’esprit » and, as such, be protected by the French droit d’auteur.

Peggy Guggenheim was an American heiress who spent all her life acquiring and building a contemporary art collection. She donated it, along with her Venetian palace, the Palazzo Venier dei Leoni, to the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, which was created in 1937 by her uncle. Peggy Guggenheim’s collection is now shown at the Palazzo Venier dei Leoni, where Ms. Guggenheim’s ashes are buried. In her autobiography, Peggy Guggenheim expressed her desire to see her collection remain intact in Venice, and that nothing should be touched.

Her heirs filed a suit against the Foundation in France, where they live, claiming that the way it is now presenting the collection distorts the way Peggy Guggenheim meant to have it seen. They argue that the collection is not shown in its totality, that the garden has been modified, and that the Palace now boasts a cafeteria, which makes the Foundation a mere extension of the Guggenheim museum. They also consider that organizing parties in the garden where Peggy Guggenheim is buried is akin to violating her tomb.

The Paris Court of the first instance, the Tribunal de Grande Instance, rejected their claim in July 2014 because of res judicata. Indeed, the heirs had already filed suit against the Foundation under the same claim in the 90’s. The heirs had lost, but both parties found an agreement outside the courtroom. The heirs now claim that this agreement has not been respected and again filed suit against the Foundation.

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Can an Art Collection be Protected by Intellectual Property?

It remains to be seen if the Court of Paris will debate this issue, as the judges may very well consider that the case has already been judged. If they do consider the case, could French law protect an art collection as a work of the mind?

Article L. 111-1 of the French Intellectual Property Code gives the author of a “œuvre de l’esprit”, a “work of the mind,” exclusive rights over the work. Bernard Edelman, a renowned intellectual property attorney, is representing Peggy Guggenheim’s heirs, and he argued this week that a collection may be considered a work of the mind.

Indeed, the Paris Court of appeals held in 1997 that the “Musée du Cinéma Henri Langlois,” dedicated to the history of cinema, is indeed a work of the mind under French law. It had been entirely the idea of Henri Langlois who had been in sole charge of its design. The Paris Court of Appeals noted in 1997 that:

Henri Langlois ha[d] not only selected the objects and movie projections that form this exhibit but also imagined the presentation following an order and an original scenography; in particular, as reported in several excerpts of articles and publications related to the « Musée du Cinéma, » Henri Langlois conceived the exhibition as a journey back in time in film history, which he staged in a cinematographic way; it is not a simple and methodical presentation of items relating to the history of cinema, but a resolutely personal creation, expressing both the imagination of Henri Langlois and his own conceptions of history of cinema, and reflecting thus his personality.”

Bernard Edelman had published an article in 1998 about this case, where he noted that the Henri Langlois Museum was particularly original as it was not only a collection of works of arts, but also a collection of objects, such as movie artifacts, and that the collection “invites to a kind of journey, a physical ambulation.” Does the Peggy Guggenheim collection invite visitors to such a journey?

Not in the opinion of Pierre-Louis Dauzier, the attorney representing the Guggenheim Foundation, who is quoted in Le Monde as arguing that « it is undeniable that the collector makes choices, he chooses to buy. Peggy Guggenheim was a muse of the art world, she bought a lot to support artists. » But he added that the way she showcased the collection was »very didactic, unoriginal, nothing more than a compilation.” Peggy Guggenheim had « not given an aesthetic sense in which the collection should be presented, » an argument which Bernard Edelman disagreed with, as he produced a plan made by Peggy Guggenheim on how the collection should be presented.

The case will be decided in September.

Ce billet a été publié sur le 1709blog.

Image is courtesy of Flickr user TracyElaine under a CC. BY. 2.0 license.

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Is Peggy Guggenheim’s Collection a Work of Art Protected by French Copyright?

Daily newspaper Le Monde reported recently about an intriguing case unfolding in the Paris Court of Appeals. The Guardian reported about the case here. The Paris court will have to decide whether the art collection Peggy Guggenheim spent years building should be considered a ” œuvre de l’esprit » and, as such, be protected by the French droit d’auteur.

Her heirs filed a suit against the Foundation in France, where they live, claiming that the way it is now presenting the collection distorts the way Peggy Guggenheim meant to have it seen. They argue that the collection is not …read more

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Ninth Circuit Panel Held that California Resale Act Violates Dormant Commerce Clause

Several artists and estates of artists filed three separate class action suits in 2011 against two auctions houses, Christies and Sotheby’s, and with the online retailer and auctioneer eBay, alleging that they had failed to pay them royalties on sales of fine arts, as required by the California Resale Royalty Act, Cal. Civ. Code § 986(a), (CRRA).

Defendants had moved to dismiss, arguing that the CRRA violated the “dormant” Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution. The Central District Court of California granted Defendants ‘motion to dismiss in 2012, holding that the CRRA impermissibly violates out-of-state conduct, and thus violates the “dormant” Commerce Clause. On May 5, 2015, an en banc panel of the Ninth Circuit held that the CRAA indeed violates the “dormant” Commerce Clause.

The California Resale Royalty Act

The California Resale Royalty Act (CRRA), Cal. Civ. Code § 986(a), requires that sellers pay the author of the work sold a five percent royalty if the work is a work of fine art, that is, “an original painting, sculpture, or drawing, or an original work of art in glass.”The CRAA applies if the work is sold in California, or if the seller resides in California, or if the sale takes place in California. This type of royalties scheme is also known as droit de suite, and aims at giving artists and their heirs a way to profit from the rising market value of the work. Indeed, the heirs of a deceased artist can assert the artist’s rights for 20 years after the artist’s death, § 986(a)(7). However, sales below $1,000 and those involving an artist who died before 1983 are out of the scope of the CRRA.

The Dormant Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution

The Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, Article I, §8, gives Congress the power to regulate commerce among the several States. This article has been interpreted by the Supreme Court as restricting the States from discriminating or burdening unduly interstate commerce, and this negative aspect of the Commerce Clause, as it limits the power of the States, is referred to as the “dormant” Commerce Clause.

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The CRRA, § 986(c)(1), defines an “artist” as “the person who creates a work of fine art and who, at the time of resale, is a citizen of the United States, or a resident of the state who has resided in the state for a minimum of two years” and thus applies to all artists who are U.S. citizens, regardless of the state in which they reside, or to aliens who have resided in California for at least two years.

The Ninth Circuit gave as an example a sale, which would take place entirely outside of California, but which would nevertheless be within the scope of the CRAA, as a sale where “a California resident has a part-time apartment in New York, buys a sculpture in New York from a North Dakota artist to furnish her apartment, and later sells the sculpture to a friend in New York” noting , that, in this case, the CRRA “requires the payment of a royalty to the North Dakota artist—even if the sculpture, the artist, and the buyer never traveled to, or had any connection with, California.” The Court thus, “easily conclude[d] that the royalty requirement, as applied to out-of-state sales by California residents, violates the dormant Commerce Clause” (p. 8), as the CRAA “facially regulates a commercial transaction that takes place wholly outside of [California]’s border”(p. 9). However, the Ninth Circuit found that the CRAA’s provision offending the Commerce Clause can be severed from the remainder of the Act.

s the District Court had found that the CRAA violated the dormant Commerce Clause per se, and that the entire Statute had therefore to be stricken down, it had not addressed Defendant’s two additional arguments, the CRAA’s preemption by the Copyright Act and that it was a taking of private property in violation of the United States and California Constitutions. Therefore, the Ninth Circuit remanded the case to a three-judge panel for considerations of these remaining issues, leaving to the panel’s discretion the decision to address them on the merits or to remand them to the lower court.

This post was originally published in The 1709 Blog.

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Vers un Fair Use à la Française ? La Cour de Cassation Va Au-Delà de l’Exception de Parodie

A. Malka est photographe de mode. Trois de ses photographies, représentant le visage maquillé d’une jeune femme, avaient été publiées en décembre 2005 dans un magazine italien. L’artiste Peter K. les reproduisit sans autorisation dans plusieurs de ses œuvres, telle que

A. Malka assigna Peter K. en contrefaçon de droit d’auteur, mais le Tribunal de Grande Instance de Paris déclara sa demande irrecevable parce que les photographies ne portaient pas suffisamment l’empreinte de sa personnalité pour pouvoir être protégées par le droit d’auteur et qu’en outre Peter. K. pouvait invoquer l’exception de parodie.

A. Malka fit appel, et la Cour d’appel …read more

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